It’s kind of the problem with capitalism and the current
debate on economic systems brought to the forefront by the most recent economic
recession, the Great Recession of the 2000’s. For the past five years
capitalism, at least in conversation (not much, in action), has been called
into question. People want to know if there is a better system out there.
People know something is wrong, but they are not sure how to fix it.
Over the years people have tried to experiment, adjust,
explore, and alter capitalism from laissez-faire capitalism to state
capitalism, from crony capitalism (negative term) to welfare capitalism. The
list goes on. Even though countries that switch or move closer along the
spectrum towards free-market capitalism, usually experience macroeconomic
growth, problems still abound. Simon
Mainwaring makes a good list of the problems with free-market capitalism in
his book We First.
1.
Capitalism allows a small class of people to
amass most of the wealth and use it to dominate the investment markets,
corporations, and the overall business environment.
2.
It is prone to inflationary periods and bubbles
that eventually collapse, wiping out investments.
3.
It is prone to allowing, in the name of profit,
the worst of human nature, namely greed and selfishness, to run rampant and
manipulate the system, especially when government regulations are absent.
4.
It is subject to unstable behaviour on the part
of investors, whose impulsive actions can seriously impact global markets.
5.
Its single-minded pursuit of profit above all
other factors takes a huge toll on average workers and their families, who are
cast aside when wealthy investors and corporations are willing to sacrifice
social progress for purely personal gains.
6.
It encourages corporations and businesses to
think only about short-term profits at the expense of environment.
So from the boom-to-bust cycle, instability, inequality,
incentive for short-term profit-prioritising greed, and the neglect of social
costs and values outside of financial losses and profit, there are a lot of
problems.
Now before we look at a few of the solutions people pursue,
it is worthwhile to address whether free markets, themselves are corroding
human character and causing this. I’m working on an essay on this topic for
another project and a lot of other essayists respond, like Churchill once said
(and I paraphrase): “It’s the best system we’ve got.” However that’s a weak
statement in my opinion because it is only a comparative, relative statement,
leaving the question unanswered. I want to know if the best system we have is a
problem, and, if so, let’s work to create one with fewer problems. So I ask
again, do free markets corrode human character?
In truth, the ideal free market is amoral. It is not just an
invisible hand (Adam Smith), it is an amoral, invisible hand. It leaves the
door open for moral behaviour or immoral behaviour. In an elementary sense, the
morality of a free market is determined by the morality of the players within
the market. The free market is only moral or immoral in as much as you view the
lack of price-fixing or price-setting as a moral or an immoral omission. That
omission is on the part of the government not necessarily the market itself. In
other words, an ideal free market is just a place in which prices are set
freely by supply and demand, by consumers and producers without regulation.
Consumers and producers can act in any way they choose including participating
in legal activities that affect the price favourably for themselves. This legal
behaviour is not necessarily moral. And this leads to one of the huge problems
with free-market capitalism: it leaves huge incentives and tremendous pressure
on market players to break the rules of good conduct in order to win and meet
the bottom line. Then it also encourages players to give justification for
doing so. Eventually these justifications and self-deceptions do corrode human
character.
How does this happen? Well, it doesn’t matter if the ideal free
market is amoral. There is no ideal free market in existence today. All markets
are situated in a particular time and place and in a specific cultural and
institutional context. Real markets are mixed with some degree of regulation
such that the “freeness” of the market is a spectrum as you go from country to
country. So it only makes sense to analyse real markets in real cultural and
institutional contexts because this is the only way they actually exist. And it
is in these real contexts, for instance in the U.S. capitalist market, that we
see such tremendous pressure to break the rules of good conduct to meet the bottom
line, perhaps legally, but not morally.
However, how you answer the questions depends on your own
morals. On one hand, if freedom is the highest aim in your moral system, then a
free-market capitalist system might be more morally improving upon human
character. Moreover, markets can improve certain morals. Markets are a means of
social integration; they can be relational. People can come together and
interact. People must learn collaborative and cooperative skills to participate.
They must form partnerships. They must connect, in other words. And it’s
possible to learn empathy, form bonds, create trust, and experience solidarity.
To be part of a market as a producer, you must work hard, take risks, be
innovative, set visions, think ahead, stake out the playing field. It can
develop within you a strong work ethic and increase your industriousness.
However, at the same time, the risks in the free market can
be quite high, so high in fact that people can begin to distrust one another,
betray allies, and conceal plans. Once again the tremendous pressure kicks in
and we have extreme public examples like Enron, the Great Recession, and the
Madoff scandal. There are many more not as public or not as extreme, but they
are there.
People will always point to free-market capitalism and say
that it has done wonders around the world in history as people moved to it.
Look at the move from European feudalism to the capitalism of today or the move
from Japanese isolationism to its capitalism of today. Usually in the first
generations you do see rather great moral character from industriousness,
dedication, innovation, and risk-taking efforts. However, from my biased
experience, there seems to be an effect over time. When someone individually
pulls herself up by her bootstraps and makes a way for herself in the world,
those same qualities do not always pass down to children that are now born in a
family much better off than the original family of the woman who pulled herself
up by her bootstraps. When children are born into wealthy families, they may
take what the family has for granted. They don’t necessarily have an incentive
to take risks, work hard, and be innovative, the same effects on moral
character do not perpetuate. In fact, the sociologist Daniel Bell would say you
observe (in cycles) a general decay in moral character in societies after
generations of wealth accumulation because the incentives change generation
after generation. Children become rebellious or seek escape; they take for
granted the prosperity they have. So usually when people point to the improvement
of moral character due to capitalism I ask if they tested it long enough. I’m
always interested in the long-term or overall effects, not just in the
short-term effects.
Still I’m told it’s the best system we have in the world.
Look at the dehumanizing and demoralizing effects of communism? If free markets
corrode human character, communism and fascism corrodes it absolutely or to a
greater extent. This is when I get excited.
I like to learn and talk about such things and then imagine
other alternatives. I love the general critique on communist economic systems.
It’s equality but forced equality. Communism forces people to do what they
don’t want to do (share). Capitalism gives people the freedom not to do what
they do not want to do (share). One is good at production and bad at
distribution; the other is good at distribution but bad at production.
Free-market apologists tend to criticise communism on its communal human character.
It doesn’t produce or boost the macroeconomic GDP and in a correlated sense,
the macro-happiness. I love this. They understand that there is such a thing as
communal human character. People under authoritarian experience a loss of
aspiration and a degradation of moral character due to a loss of free will
(essential for moral character). A system like the USSR experienced communal
terror. I read the story of one East German citizen who said in such regimes
and economic systems you generally lose the ability to take risks, you lose the
ability to make decisions as a society.
Far from critiquing an individual loss, he was making a communal statement
about most citizens in that city. Usually individual critiques are left for corrupt
and power-seeking military, police, and government officials. This is great
critique. Somehow a communal understanding of free market capitalism is lost.
It’s not just that a single person, like Bernie Madoff, has
an incentive to conceal, deceive, and steal to make his bottom line, it’s that
on a communal level, in the same way, we do not call it stealing when money can
be shifted from the poorer classes to the rich as in predatory lending (and now
predatory microfinance). So we regulate theft and extortion on individual
levels but there are forms of market behaviour which fall under extortion or
theft (such as the ability of big business to unfairly influence the price of
the goods they sell) which are not regulated. This is a type of degradation of communal
human character that I see and a type we do not address as readily as
individual character flaws and individual actions and ethics due to a love of
individualism—the supremacy of individual freedom. What I look for, find beauty
in, and prefer is individuality without individualism, a type of
unity-in-community, being-in-interbeing. Without individualism, we can be more
than just individuals, we are interdividuals (René Girard). And it’s
this aspect which seems to be missing from our understanding of self-interest
in free-market capitalism.
So I’ve been pondering all these things and reading this We
First book (about We First
capitalism) and noticing all the different attempts in the world to
mitigate the effects of capitalism. People have come up with ethical
capitalism, co-op capitalism, yellow capitalism, creative capitalism,
philanthrocapitalism, constructive capitalism, creative capitalism, conscious
capitalism, etc. The list goes on. All of these attempts at revising capitalism
point to the growing realization that something is wrong with the current
system. Even if free markets do not corrode human character, certainly, human
character tends to be corroded in such contexts. You can blame it on the market
or our moral failings but we definitely need to change a few things.
This is where we often forget that consumers are a big and
large part of the free-market capitalist system. Consumers have as much moral
agency for change as producers, and there is power in the pocket or the purse.
And so producers, manufacturers, retailers have slowly made changes, not
because they gained a larger perspective or profit and value in society but
because, out of self-interest, they fear the loss of monetary profits in a
changing, more socially conscious (at least vocally) world.
I won’t bore you with stats and research, but consumers want
a better world. One of the best ways to increase profit is to respond to the
consumer desire for purpose, according to Mainwaring, because the future of
profit is purpose. I have a slightly different view but let’s look at the
history over the years. This history of corporate social engagement makes me
feel Jeffrey Sachs is right when he says we really haven’t done enough.
Due to some environmental movements, in the 1970s we saw the
start of The Body Shop and Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream which launched
earth-friendly socially responsible products. By the end of the decade,
companies like these two were still aberrations from the norm.
It took a while but companies began seeing the benefit of
socially responsible behaviour by the late 1980’s. So at that time and in the
early 1990’s companies began reducing waste, cutting energy usage, streamlining
inefficient processes, and giving to charitable causes. These were the famous
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) efforts. People went to workshops, held
talks, attended conferences, took classes. Graduate schools started giving MBAs
with a CSR focus. Recently, some companies have hired a Chief Responsibility
Officer (CRO) to run CSR efforts or a Chief Giving Officer (CGO). Today all the
Fortune 500 have a CSR programme or giving campaign or both.
Two other movements were happening at the same time in the
1980s and 1990s. Companies started launching foundations—independent,
non-profit foundations, and in 2009 we had 2500 corporate foundations in the
U.S. Secondly, cause-related marketing (CRM) campaigns were launched. American
Express is reported to have launched the first one in 1983 when it advertised
it would donate $1 to the Statute of Liberty restoration fund for every new
card application, and 1 cent would be donated for every transaction made by
cardholders. It raised $1.7 million and many companies have been running
cause-related marketing campaigns in partnerships with non-profits ever since.
The belief is that cause-related marketing challenges consumers to prove how
much they care about a cause and turns consumers and brands into partners
helping to create a better world. Today corporation funds donated through CRM
have risen from zero in 1983 to $125 million in 1990 to $545 million in 1998 to
$1.52 billion in 2008. You get the picture.
So what’s the problem, right? Well, the question is the
motive, and the proof is in the percentages. On average, most corporation
donate only about 1% of pre-tax corporate profits to charitable causes and this
rarely exceeds 1.5%. In 2009, corporations gave $14.1 billion in charitable
donations, but given the amount of problems we face in the world today, $14.1
billion is not enough. Corporations really have a long way to go in showing
that the future of profit is purpose or transitioning to a We-first capitalism,
the type that Simon Mainwaring advocates. Defenders of 1% giving would say that
corporations have a fiduciary responsibility to maximize profits for
shareholders. However, if corporations are trying to partner with consumers to
make a better world, it really isn’t enough. The CSR, CRM, and charitable
donations are not enough, especially compared to the potential to do good, and
we cannot wait for capitalism to change. So we change it ourselves.
First, the very fact that you have a CSR department, means
that social responsibility is not embedded throughout your company. It’s
probably seen as an afterthought or the specific domain of a particular office
or division. Can you imagine a company that had a manners, values, or mission
department? Probably not, it is supposed to be so embedded throughout the
company in everyone’s work that it is everyone’s job to embody the values and
pursue the mission. Though there is benefit in having someone to check and
streamline socially responsibility efforts (we do it with finance and legal
considerations), the unintended negative consequence is that it becomes
something that someone else is in charge of: I must make sure I do what I need
to do to appease or satisfy that person or requirement. CSR should be
throughout the company, executive board, and board of directors in everything
they do. It must filter throughout the company from top to bottom vertically.
We are not there yet.
Secondly, it must be horizontally throughout industries.
It’s no good if one company is doing it but another is not. We need all
companies and businesses to move towards purpose.
Third, we need to move from a world in which social
responsibility is only for producers and businesses. It really is mutual responsibility, and in addition
to the power of the purse, social media has truly empowered consumers even more
to direct companies in the right direction towards purpose, a wider definition
of profit.
However consumers have not always done a good job with this.
Consumer action in the face of tough choices is another way in which the free
market might sometimes corrode human character. Whereas Professor Robert Reich
of UC-Berkeley would say that we don’t know if the free-market corrodes human
character because people, when faced with a morally objectional purchase option,
ignore the moral objection or push it off. However, I believe this ignoring or
pushing away actually shows morals rather than hides it. Consumers, when faced
with a great market deal that is morally objectionable (like buying from a
company that pays low wages), ignore the conflict by pushing the blame to the
seller or producer. In my perspective of the same situation, that is corroding human character. Pretending
not to know or pretending not to be complicit is corrosive.
So the definition of value, profit, and sustainability must
change. Sustainability is not just enduring or lasting but also life-giving. In
essence, if it’s not life giving in the very end (ultimately), it not
sustainable. We want to change things before its too late.
Economically sustainable capitalism is not something
that is done at the end through charitable contributions. It is a way of
ensuring that profit is defined in terms of economic outcomes globally as well
as long-term economic outcomes rather than short-term economic outcomes. In
this way, you can avoid a situation in which a company pulls in huge profits
only to harm the town in which it is based and therefore go out of business. It
also makes no sense to profit in a way that causes a recession.
Morally sustainable capitalism is not something you
balance after selling your product by giving to a counterbalancing non-profit.
We have to define bottom lines not just by monetary profit, but also people
profit (how does it affect people and society in the long-run) as well as
environmental profit/value (how does it affect the environment in the
long-run).
Ethically sustainable capitalism must not be
something that is determined only by the letter of the law. But in the case
where the law is lacking, the moral compass of individuals within the company
should guide it to see ethics as what it is – a field that governs how the
actions of an entity or individual affect society in right and wrong ways.
Ethics has become individualised for corporations that have individual rights
but lack responsibility on par with individual citizens.
Environmentally sustainable capitalism must not be
something that happens after production where you clean up carbon and
pollution. Your entire production process should never create harmful pollutants.
You need a type of clean production model and framework.
Yet today we have a type of nice capitalism that brings joy
by trying to clean up and save with one hand what it dirties and destroys with
the other, as philosopher Slavoj Zizek
notes.
So I’m wondering when we’ll move to a day where, instead of
worrying about what next adjective to put in front of capitalism to make it
better, we just let our minds go wild and come up with a new alternative that
is different and most importantly better than anything we ever imagined. I have
some ideas, but they are more akin to versions of capitalism. Still it will be
fun to try in the future.
